Tellurium Rare Earth

Product Details:

Hafnium

Hafnium is a heavy, steel-gray metal closely related to zirconium. General applications include nuclear reactor control rods, neutron absorption, alloy additive in various superalloys, and plasma torch welding tips.

 

Hafnium is available from ATI in common mill forms including plate, sheet, foil, rod, and wire. Hafnium metal is also available in a number of forms for alloying. For higher purity applications, crystal bar is available in chunk form (chopped bars), whole bars, or milled chips. Hafnium sponge is also available for standard alloying needs. ATI also produces hafnium powder, available in standard mesh sizes ranging from 80 - 325 mesh x down.

 

Hafnium is available in a number of different grades. Mill products conform to ASTM B776. Hafnium used for alloy addition comes in four different grades that depend on zirconium content.

• Hafnium
• Hafnium Oxide S Grade
• Hafnium Oxide Technical Grade
• Hafnium Oxychloride Reactor Grade
• Hafnium Oxynitrate Reactor Grade
• Hafnium Tetrachloride LZ Grade
• Hafnium Tetrachloride S Grade
• Hafnium Powder
• Hafnium Alloy Addition
• Hafnium Sponge
• Hafnium Crystal BaR

Hafnium is a chemical element with symbol Hf and atomic number 72. A lustrous, silvery gray, tetravalent transition metal, hafnium chemically resembles zirconium and is found in zirconium minerals. Its existence was predicted by Dmitri Mendeleev in 1869, though it was not identified until 1923, making it the penultimate stable element to be discovered (rhenium was identified two years later). Hafnium is named after Hafnia, the Latin name for Copenhagen, where it was discovered.^[3][4]
Hafnium is used in filaments and electrodes. Some semiconductor fabrication processes use its oxide for integrated circuits at 45 nm and smaller feature lengths. Some superalloys used for special applications contain hafnium in combination withniobium, titanium, or tungsten.
Hafnium's large neutron capture cross-section makes it a good material for neutron absorption in control rods in nuclear power plants, but at the same time requires that it be removed from the neutron-transparent corrosion-resistant zirconium alloys used in nuclear reactors.

Additional Information:

• Item Code: 11898989
• Production Capacity: 1000 METRIC TONS
• Delivery Time: READY STOCK

Product Details:

Tellurium is a chemical element with symbol Te and atomic number 52. It is a brittle, mildly toxic, rare, silver-whitemetalloid. Tellurium is chemically related to selenium and sulfur. It is occasionally found in native form, as elemental crystals. Tellurium is far more common in the universe as a whole than it is on Earth. Its extreme rarity in the Earth's crust, comparable to that of platinum, is partly due to its high atomic number, but also due to its formation of a volatile hydridewhich caused the element to be lost to space as a gas during the hot nebular formation of the planet.

 

Tellurium was discovered in the Habsburg Empire, in 1782 by Franz-Joseph Müller von Reichenstein in a mineral containing tellurium and gold. Martin Heinrich Klaproth named the new element in 1798 after the Latin word for "earth",tellus. Gold telluride minerals are the most notable natural gold compounds. However, they are not a commercially significant source of tellurium itself, which is normally extracted as a by-product of copper and lead production.

 

Commercially, the primary use of tellurium is in alloys, foremost in steel and copper to improve machinability. Applications inCdTe solar panels and as a semiconductor material also consume a considerable fraction of tellurium production.

 

Tellurium has no biological function, although fungi can incorporate it in place of sulfur and selenium into amino acids such as tellurocysteine and telluromethionine.^[5] In humans, tellurium is partly metabolized into dimethyl telluride, (CH₃)₂Te, a gas with a garlic-like odor which is exhaled in the breath of victims of tellurium toxicity or exposure.

 

Nearly 13.7 billion years ago, the universe was made of only hydrogen, helium and traces of lithium — byproducts of the Big Bang. Some 300 million years later, the very first stars emerged, creating additional chemical elements throughout the universe. Since then, giant stellar explosions, or supernovas, have given rise to carbon, oxygen, iron and the rest of the 94 naturally occurring elements of the periodic table.

 

Today, stars and planetary bodies bear traces of these elements, having formed from the gas enriched by these supernovas over time. For the past 50 years, scientists have been analyzing stars of various ages, looking to chart the evolution of chemical elements in the universe and to identify the astrophysical phenomena that created them.

 

Now a team of researchers from institutions including MIT has detected the element tellurium for the first time in three ancient stars. The researchers found traces of this brittle, semiconducting element — which is very rare on Earth — in stars that are nearly 12 billion years old. The finding supports the theory that tellurium, along with even heavier elements in the periodic table, likely originated from a very rare type of supernova during a rapid process of nuclear fusion. The researchers published their findings online in Astrophysical Journal Letters.

 

"We want to understand the evolution of tellurium — and by extension any other element — from the Big Bang to today," says Anna Frebel, an assistant professor of astrophysics at MIT and a co-author on the paper. "Here on Earth, everything's made from carbon and various other elements, and we want to understand how tellurium on Earth came about."

'In the halo of the Milky Way,' a rare element found